This is believed to be partly due to increased sexual activity, prostitution, and decreasing use of condoms.
After decreasing dramatically with the availability of penicillin in the 1940s, rates of infection have increased since the turn of the millennium in many countries, often in combination with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2015, about 45.4 million people had syphilis infections, of which six million were new cases. During treatment people may develop fever, headache, and muscle pains, a reaction known as Jarisch–Herxheimer. In those with neurosyphilis, intravenous benzylpenicillin or ceftriaxone is recommended. In those who have a severe penicillin allergy, doxycycline or tetracycline may be used. The preferred antibiotic for most cases is benzathine benzylpenicillin injected into a muscle. Syphilis can be effectively treated with antibiotics. The risk of sexual transmission of syphilis can be reduced by using a latex or polyurethane condom. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) recommend all pregnant women be tested. Diagnosis is usually made by using blood tests the bacteria can also be detected using dark field microscopy. These three diseases are not typically sexually transmitted. carateum), and nonvenereal endemic syphilis ( T. pallidum subspecies pertenue), pinta ( T.
Other diseases caused by Treponema bacteria include yaws ( T. It may also be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis. Syphilis is most commonly spread through sexual activity. Treponema pallidum Bacteria (Syphilis) in colorized electron micrograph Syphilis has been known as " the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many other diseases. In tertiary syphilis, there are gummas (soft, non-cancerous growths), neurological problems, or heart symptoms. In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms. There may also be sores in the mouth or vagina. In secondary syphilis, a diffuse rash occurs, which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration usually between 1 cm and 2 cm in diameter) though there may be multiple sores. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary). Syphilis ( / ˈ s ɪ f ə l ɪ s/) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Treponema pallidum, usually spread by sex īlood tests, dark field microscopy of infected fluid Ĭondoms, Long-term monogamous relationships Electron micrograph of Treponema pallidum
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